• Introduction
  • Cardinal Symptoms
  • Cardinal Symptoms List for Adult Deaths
  • Cardinal Symptoms List for Child & Neonatal Deaths
  • 5 Interview Steps
  • Interview Tips
  • Live Interview Videos
  • Narrative Case 1
  • Narrative Case 2
  • Narrative Case 3
  • Narrative Case 4
  • Narrative Case 5
  • Summary
  • Resources


Cardinal Symptoms List for Adult Deaths

1. FEVER

  • High or low grade
  • Longer than 30 days
  • Continuous, intermittent (on and off), or occasional
  • Did the fever rise every day
  • Repeated attacks with chills, shaking, sweating, or muscle pain
  • Associated with: headache; burning sensation while passing urine; neck stiffness; irritated and does not like light or sound; confusion; drowsiness; coma; rash/blisters

2. COUGH

  • Dry, wet (with sputum), bloody (rusty), or foul smelling
  • Longer than 30 days
  • Worse during day or night
  • With wheezing or in-­drawing of chest (use local language)
  • Any pain during cough or deep breath
  • Any pain at the sides of the chest wall
  • Associated with: night sweats; evening rise of temperature; vomiting; hoarseness of voice

3. BREATHLESSNESS

  • What brings it on (for example, allergy or chest infection)
  • Progression: did the person feel breathlessness only during exertion? Did it progressively worsen so that breathlessness occurred also at rest?
  • Worse after lying flat, and relieved by sitting up
  • Continuous or in episodes/attacks
  • Associated with: night sweats; evening rise of temperature; vomiting; hoarseness of voice

4. DIARRHOEA/DYSENTERY IN STOOLS

  • Were the stools liquid or semisolid
  • Did stools contain mucus, or look like rice water
  • Longer than 30 days
  • Painless or painful
  • Large quantity or not
  • Blood in the stool, red or black in colour
  • How many times a day at worst
  • Associated with: vomiting; very thirsty; dehydration; sunken eyes

5. WEIGHT LOSS

  • Loss of weight rapid in last 2-3 months
  • Associated with prolonged fever for more than 1 month (either constant or continuous)
  • Diarrhoea for more than 1 month
  • Persistent cough for more than 1 month
  • Swelling in arm pits, neck, groin
  • Itching and skin rash
  • White sores or white patches in mouth
  • History of tuberculosis

6. CHEST PAIN

  • Onset: sudden or gradual
  • Did pain last more than 24 hours or less than 24 hours
  • Location: chest, upper stomach, or back
  • Did pain spread? To left arm, deep central chest, hand, shoulder, or back?
  • Pain worse with walking, exertion, cough or deep breath, touching the area, or eating
  • Associated with: sweating; vomiting

7. PARALYSIS/STROKE

  • Onset: over minutes, hours, or noticed after waking up
  • Accompanied by sudden loss of consciousness
  • Which part of body was paralyzed (i.e., half of body, one arm, right/left face)?
  • Time of onset: during activity or in sleep
  • Associated with: vomiting; headache; loss of memory; loss of vision or speech; neck stiffness

8. OEDEMA (SWELLING)

  • Location: hands, feet, abdomen, or elsewhere
  • Onset: sudden or gradual
  • Worse at night or morning
  • Associated with: worse with walking; fatigue; feeling the heart beat faster; nausea; loss of appetite

9. URINARY PROBLEMS

  • Reduced urine amount or more frequent passage of urine
  • Burning sensation while urinating
  • Urine contained pus or blood
  • Intense desire to pass more urine even after the bladder has been emptied
  • Associated with: pain in lower abdomen; tenderness in the side of abdomen; sudden onset of pain in one or both loins, spreading to lower abdomen; paleness; nausea; vomiting; became dull, drowsy or unconsciousness

10. GASTRO-INTESTINAL TRACT (ABDOMINAL) PROBLEMS

  • Was there pain? Describe the location; type (i.e., burning); and onset (sudden or gradual)
  • If pain, describe periodicity: did it occur in episodes or continuous? How long each episode?
  • Relationship to food: more pain on empty stomach? Was it relieved after taking food?
  • Difficulty in swallowing solid or liquid food
  • Did pain wake person from sleep?
  • Onset of abdominal distension: sudden or gradual
  • Associated with: loss of appetite, nausea; constipation; black stools; vomiting with blood; sweating; history of surgery or trauma or cancer; history of lump/mass in abdomen; alcohol abuse
CSL11

11. JAUNDICE  (YELLOWNESS IN THE WHITE PART OF EYES OR SKIN)

  • What become yellow: eyes or skin; was urine dark yellow/brown?
  • Onset: yellowness came first followed by other illness OR illness came first followed by yellowness
  • Associated with: vomiting blood; alcohol abuse; history of cancer

12. SEIZURES/ FITS

  • Previous episodes of sudden jerky movements of arms or legs
  • Loss of consciousness
  • Awake between fits or not
  • Associated with: rolling of eye balls; frothing of mouth; loss of memory; bit tongue; bed wetting; confused; history of head injury

 

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