• Introduction
  • Cardinal Symptoms
  • Cardinal Symptoms List for Adult Deaths
  • Cardinal Symptoms List for Child & Neonatal Deaths
  • 5 Interview Steps
  • Interview Tips
  • Live Interview Videos
  • Narrative Case 1
  • Narrative Case 2
  • Narrative Case 3
  • Narrative Case 4
  • Narrative Case 5
  • Summary
  • Resources


Cardinal Symptoms List for Child & Neonatal Deaths

1. FEVER

  • High or low grade
  • Longer than 30 days
  • Continuous, intermittent (on and off), or occasional
  • Did the fever rise every day
  • Low body temperature
  • Associated with: headache; burning sensation while passing urine; neck stiffness; irritated and does not like light or sound; confusion; drowsiness; coma; rash/blisters

2. BREATHING PROBLEMS

  • What brings it on (for example, allergy or chest infection)
  • Progression: did the person feel breathlessness only during exertion? Did it progressively worsen so that breathlessness occurred also at rest?
  • Is breathlessness worse after lying flat, and relieved by sitting up?
  • Was breathlessness continuous or in episodes/attacks
  • Associated with: night sweats; evening rise of temperature; vomiting; hoarseness of voice

3. COUGH

  • Dry, wet (with sputum), bloody (rusty), or foul smelling
  • Longer than 30 days
  • Worse during day or night
  • With wheezing or in-­drawing of chest (use local language)?
  • Any pain during cough or deep breath
  • Any pain at the sides of the chest wall
  • Associated with: night sweats; evening rise of temperature; vomiting; hoarse voice

4. DIARRHOEA/DYSENTERY IN STOOLS

  • Stools liquid or semisolid
  • Did stools contain mucus, or look like rice water?
  • Longer than 30 days
  • Painless or painful
  • Large quantity or not
  • Blood in the stool, red or black in colour
  • How many times a day at worst?
  • Associated with: vomiting; very thirsty; dehydration sunken eyes; reduced urine amount. Note: mothers of breastfed infants tend to report children with soft/loose stools, so it is important to ask if soft and loose stools were MORE FREQUENT than usual

5. JAUNDICE

  • What become yellow: eyes or skin; was urine dark yellow/brown?
  • Onset: yellowness came first followed by other illness OR illness came first followed by yellowness
  • Associated with: fast breathing; excessive crying; chest in-drawing; vomiting blood

6. SEIZURES/ FITS

  • Previous episodes of sudden jerky movements of arms or legs
  • Loss of consciousness
  • Awake between fits or not
  • Associated with: rolling of eye balls; frothing of mouth; loss of memory; bit tongue; bed wetting; confused; history of head injury

7. DISCOLORATION OF LIPS, HAND AND LEGS

  • Bleeding into eyes and skin
  • Location: lips, hands, or legs
  • Was discoloration blue or red?
  • Associated with: bulging fontanel or drowsiness, scalp injuries, spasm of body
CSL11

8. WEIGHT LOSS

  • Loss of weight rapid in last 2-3 months
  • Associated with prolonged fever for more than 1 month (either constant or continuous)
  • Diarrhoea for more than 1 month
  • Persistent cough for more than 1 month
  • Swelling in arm pits, neck, groin
  • Itching and skin rash
  • White sores or white patches in mouth
  • History of tuberculosis or HIV/AIDS

9. OEDEMA/SWELLING

  • Location: hands, feet, abdomen, or elsewhere
  • Onset: sudden or gradual
  • Worse at night or morning
  • Associated with: worse with walking; fatigue; feeling heart beat faster; nausea; appetite loss

 

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